count vs counta. Figure 9- Value Field Settings Dialog box. count vs counta

 
 Figure 9- Value Field Settings Dialog boxcount vs counta  Use COUNTA when you require the total count of non-empty

The COUNTA function counts the number of cells in a range that are not empty. And yes, you could probably count the blanks in this example yourself, but imagine doing that in a big. . Message 8 of 32. are cell references or ranges within which you want to count cells with numbers. Not getting the result you're looking for? It's not your fault! There are some confusing nuances to these functions. The COUNTA function counts cells containing any type of information, including error values and empty text ( "" ). The result of a tally that reveals the number of items in a set; a quantity counted. This means you can use COUNTA as a simple way to count cells that are not blank. As a data modeler, sometimes you might need to write a DAX expression that counts table rows. This video show how to use SUBTOTAL or the newer AGGREGATE function, to work with filtered. This is not true. The following COUNTA call: COUNTA ( table [column] ) Copy Conventions # 1. You can use the COUNT () function to count column values, or you can use the COUNTROWS () function to count table rows. Since only three of the four cells in the range contain data, the formula calculates the percentage of yes responses out of three. (legal) A charge of misconduct brought in a legal proceeding. ฟังก์ชัน CountA นับจำนวนเรกคอร์ดที่ไม่ใช่ ค่าว่าง ใน. Sự khác biệt giữa các hàm COUNT và COUNTA trong Excel khi tất cả các giá trị đều là số. COUNTBLANK is the most convenient but not the only way to count empty cells in Excel. COUNTIF: Returns a conditional count across a range. COUNT will return the number of cells that contain numbers, whereas COUNTA. =SUBTOTAL(103, A1:A200) will help you get count of non-empty rows, respecting filters. Let us first create a table. This formula returns the number 7. The COUNTA function counts the number of cells in a range that are not empty. Use DCOUNT to count only numeric values. Then, by choosing the range from the B5 cell to the B15 cell formula here, write down the following formula. For example, if the column contains an expression that evaluates to an empty string, the COUNTAX function treats that result as non-blank. COUNTA 📊Welcome to DAQ - Data Analyst Quest! 🚀 In this quick tutorial, we delve into the world of Exce. But you could also use COUNTIF for Google Sheets to COUNTIF, not empty cells: Type =COUNTIF ( into a blank cell. Basic statistical functions including COUNT, COUNTA, AVERAGE, MAX, MIN, MEDIAN and MODE. michelle66000. The function counts only the cells that have data, but be aware that "data" can include spaces, which you can't see. Noun. Razlika između COUNTA i COUNTA je u tome što uslužni program COUNT zbraja sve ćelije koje sadrže brojeve ili vrijednost podataka unutar uskog vremenskog okvira, dok radnja COUNTA zbraja sve polu-polovice ćelija unutar definiranog raspona, kao što je navedeno kao ćelija ima bilo što. 3. 質問 集計のオプションとしてCOUNTとD_COUNTの両方が表示されます。どちらを使用すればよいですか? 回答 COUNTとD_COUNT(distinct counts)はデータを集約する方法です。データ集計は、項目のリストを1つのデータポイントに結合するプロセスです。たとえば、SUMは、リストされた値が加算される集計. COUNT and COUNTA are two functions in Excel that are used for counting cells containing data. The easiest way to count cells that have one value or another (Countif a or b) is to write a regular COUNTIF formula to count each item individually, and then add the results: COUNTIF ( range, criterion1) + COUNTIF ( range, criterion2) As an example, let's find out how many cells in column A contain either. Some suggest the following trick to count values across multiple criteria with: =COUNTIF (data_range, “criterion#1”)+COUNTIF (data_range#2, “criterion#2”)+COUNTIF (data_range#3, “criterion#3”)…. 2023-10-27. COUNT counts how many cells in a range contain numeric data (numbers). COUNT function: Counts only the cells which have numeric value. Think of it as “Count Anything”. The easiest way to count cells that have one value or another (Countif a or b) is to write a regular COUNTIF formula to count each item individually, and then add the. How to use Count and Counta formulaLike, Share and Subscribe Visit: yousufiacademy. The numerical values can contain a number or time or. Select the range of cells you want to count. The Excel COUNTA Formula; Examples of COUNTA; COUNTA vs COUNT; The Excel COUNTA Formula. Description. Count vs CountA: CountA will essentially count every row. Only the numbers of selected cells will be counted. CountA vs CountBlank. So, Let's get started! The Episode covers the following information: 1. The count will only count the VALUES in cells, it will not count the cell if the cell has text in it. Sometimes, you may be asked to determine how many values exist in a list, including text. Note: SUBTOTAL always ignores values in cells that are hidden with a filter. Hàm này bao gồm văn bản trống ("") trong tổng số. As a result, the syntax for COUNTIFS varies according to the number of conditions needed: = COUNTIFS ( range, criteria) // 1 condition = COUNTIFS ( range, criteria, range, criteria. Also, learn a workaround using Filter and about a coming soon feature of Dataverse. . =COUNTA (C2:C11) In your selected cell, you will see the number of cells that contain any text or numbers. Firstly, choose the E17 cell. . CONTAGEM x CONTAGEM. If you want to count text or logical functions, you need to use COUNTA. COUNT and D_COUNT, distinct counts, are ways of aggregating data. If this post helps, then please consider Accept it as the solution to help the other members find it more quickly. COUNT (*) will count the number of records. #excelfunctions #count #counta #countblank #countuniqueWelcome back Alien . D give an example of when you would use the count and. COUNT vs COUNTA. I can use Filter to get the matching array, and I can use COUNTIF to filter for a value in a range, but it seems that COUNTIF only supports ranges, not arraysCOUNT Vs COUNTA. This article describes the formula syntax and usage of the COUNTA function in Microsoft Excel. As you can see, the main difference between COUNT and COUNTA functions is that COUNT only counts cells that contain numeric values, while COUNTA counts any cell that contains any value, including text, logical values, and errors. SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT a_number) Counta_number FROM #AGG_TEST; Note: COUNT DISTINCT must be paired with a. 4 seconds for Counta, 3 seconds for Countif). COUNT (hodnota1, hodnota2,…) je. However, the number of. Counts any field in the Units Sold column that contains a value. COUNTIF formulas to count numbers between X and Y. In cell D1, you can enter the. NOTE: Please mark the message or messages (yes, you can mark more than one) that. RTSA:=calculate (COUNTA ( [RTS]),VEO_Daily_Services [RTS]="RTSA") Share. The Power Query function for a list of distinct values of a column is List. It needs to be understood that " " or "" is not blank, nor is it null. 5. The first query returns the number of times the condition is true, because true is 1 and false is 0. Syntax: =COUNTIF(range,criteria) range : the. . Cell E5 counts the date values in the range B2 to B8. ” from the “ ” string. Feel free to use the value in your formula that makes sense for your data. Excel inserts the SUBTOTAL function automatically, and you can use a drop-down. In order to sum cells based on only one criteria then use the following SUMFIF function with two arguments. In Excel, we often count non-blank text cells. Blank values are skipped, if data type is Int. Follow. COUNTIFS in Excel COUNT vs. Unfortunately Excel counts spaces as text, so using COUNTA wouldn't work. Also, learn a. The COUNT function tells us that there are 7 cells with numeric values in the Sales column. Any time someone watches live video they’ll be counted as a viewer, whether or not they have a Twitch account or are signed in. (baseball) The number of balls and strikes, respectively, on a batter's in. Click on Value Field Settings. In Excel, the COUNT and COUNTA functions both count the number of. Learn Excel Online with Sheetzoom. The COUNT function returns the number of cells with numerical values and an argument with numerical values. counta Rozdíl mezi COUNT a COUNTA je v tom, že obslužný program COUNT sečte všechny buňky obsahující čísla nebo datové hodnoty v úzkém časovém rámci, zatímco akce COUNTA sečte všechny půlpoloviční buňky v definovaném rozsahu, jak je uvedeno jako buňka má cokoliv. สำหรับข้อแตกต้างระหว่าง Count กับ Counta ก็คือ. A whole number. To get the distinct count in the Pivot Table, follow the below steps: Right-click on any cell in the ‘Count of Sales Rep’ column. It also counts in numerical values enclosed in Quotation marks (“”). COUNT and D_COUNT, distinct counts, are ways of aggregating data. The COUNTA formula in Excel is used to count the number of cells in a range that contain any type of data, including text, numbers, and logical values. COUNTA can operate on a Boolean data type, whereas COUNT cannot do that. We will right-click and click on Value Field Settings. In this short tutorial, I show how to use the COUNT and COUNTA functions in Excel. ]) You can select cells one by one, but also ranges, or even multiple ranges. what gives you true or false. =COUNTA (A2:A8) This formula counts the values from cells A2 to A8. not blank). COUNTA function: Counts all the cells which have some value, numeric or any other. 제가 첨부한 예제 샘플 보시면 바로 이해가 되지. Cells A2 to A8 have text values which can only be counted using the COUNTA Google Sheets function. Step 5: Put a dot (. Determining basic statistics about the values that are in a range of data. COUNTIF + COUNTIF. To count, choose a cell and enter the COUNT syntax: = COUNT (Range). Suppose we are given the data below: As seen above, the COUNTA function will count text or formula errors. Para receber conteúdo todos os dias sobre Excel, VBA e Power BI TOTALMENTE GRATUITO, entre em nosso grupo do Telegram: sabe. Menghitung. COUNT: Cette fonction compte les cellules où vous avez le nombre comme valeur dans la cellule. The COUNT function counts cells containing number data and returns a result of five. Áp dụng cho: Ứng dụng canvas Ứng dụng dựa trên mô hình Đếm tất cả các bản ghi trong một bảng hoặc đếm tất cả các bản ghi thỏa mãn một điều kiện. Supposing, you have a list of item IDs in A2:A10 and you want to count the number of cells with a particular id, say "AA-01". MODE: Returns the most commonly occurring value in a dataset. 2. If you’re dealing with numerical data and you want to count the number of cells containing numbers, the COUNT function is your best bet. . In the noncount form, the noun refers to the whole idea or quantity. It also ignores any text string. The COUNT function only counts numeric data. After the FILTER function is applied to the table, the expression would be equivalent to. COUNT (vrijednost1, vrijednost2. Basic statistical functions including COUNT, COUNTA, AVERAGE, MAX, MIN, MEDIAN and MODE. COUNTA function: The purpose of the COUNTA function is to count the cells ignoring all blank cells. With A1 blank, for example, =ISBLANK (A1:E1) returns TRUE. Dans Excel, il existe deux fonctions fréquemment utilisées COUNT et COUNTA. I initially used the formula "Opportunity Count = DISTINCTCOUNT([Opportunity ID])" when I created a copy. Fungsi COUNTA menghitung jumlah sel. 1. Press “ Enter ”. Where value1, value2, etc. COUNTA Function. Calculate Percentages Using VLOOKUP and COUNTIF functions. The second query returns the complete record count because count() does not care about the content inside it, as long as the content is NOT NULL. Any. Type this string in the second argument, and you will get this simple. create table t(a int) insert into t values (1),(2),(3),(3) select count (distinct a) from t select distinct count (a) from t group by aThe next function we will use to count if not blank cells are present in a range is the COUNTA function. While COUNT only determines how many numbers are in a given range, COUNTA determines how many values (including text) are in a given range. COUNTA: Comparison Chart Summary of COUNT vs. SQL COUNT DISTINCT. D_COUNT counts the number of unique items there are being aggregated. For counting, you need to select a cell and then enter the syntax, =COUNT (Range). A countdown. For example, if the range contains a formula that returns an. The solution is to use the SUM function in combination with IF and COUNTIF: =SUM (IF (COUNTIF ( range, range )=1,1,0)) Note. The COUNT function internally executes COUNTX, without any performance difference. =COUNTA (A1:A10) When you hit enter after referring to the range, it returns 5, the total number of rows in the data. You need the COUNTBLANK function for that. This function is not supported for use in DirectQuery mode when used in calculated columns or row-level. Click on cell E6 to make it the active cell; Type in the formula: = COUNTIF ( E2:E5, "Yes" )/COUNTA ( E2:E5 ); Press the Enter key on the keyboard to complete the formula; The answer 67% should appear in cell E6. 3. We can use the following formula to count the number of cells in column A that have a value of “East” or “South”: =SUM(COUNTIF(A:A,{"East", "South"})) The following screenshot shows how to use this formula in practice: We can see that a total of 5 cells have a value of “East” or “South” in column A. The data given are shown below: To count the cells with numeric data, we use the formula COUNT (B4:B16). order: a number specifying how to rank the numbers. Example 2. ). Instructions COUNT vs COUNTA =COUNT(A1:A10) Counts all numerical entries from A1 through A10. Solutions available. COUNTA in Excel. Range ("A2") = WorksheetFunction End Sub. ) Ditto COUNT function formula examples. COUNT FUNCTION ignores errors whereas COUNTA FUNCTION counts the cells containing errors. Return value. COUNT, COUNTA, COUNTIF 함수의 경우 데이터가 많을 때 다양한 갯수를 뽑기 위해서는 매우 유용합니다. We get 3 as the result, as shown below: The COUNT function is fully programmed. CountA Formula in ExcelHow to Calculate count by CountACountA Function in Exc. The database argument is a range of cells that includes field headers, field is the name or index of the field to count, and criteria is a range of cells with headers matching those in. You need to Count all of the things is PowerApps. Entrada siguiente →. The COUNTA function counts the non-blank cells in a specified range. I will use the following sample data set to illustrate my. The COUNT function is used to count the occurrences of a specified numeric value inside a given range or array. To count only numeric values use COUNT. When a viewer stops watching live video, it can take up. Step 6: Specify the arguments manually. In Excel, the COUNT and COUNTA functions both count the number of cells in a range, but they use slightly different behaviors: The COUNT function counts the number of cells in a range that contain numbers. ; La fonction COUNTA compte le nombre de cellules d’une plage qui ne sont. COUNTIF: Returns a conditional count across a range. This is in contrast to COUNT function, which counts only numeric values. Di Excel, fungsi COUNT dan COUNTA menghitung jumlah sel dalam suatu rentang, namun menggunakan perilaku yang sedikit berbeda: Fungsi COUNT menghitung jumlah sel dalam rentang yang berisi angka. =SUMIF (B1:B5,">5") Use the SUMIF function to add values based on one criteria. This creates a list of the unique district names, with 1 entry for each. Ví dụ, nếu phạm vi chứa một công thức trả về chuỗi trống, thì hàm COUNTA sẽ đếm giá trị đó. In the count form, the noun refers to a specific example or type. Here, we want to use the COUNTA function to count the number of cells with text in the list. you can also experiment on the formula =COUNTBLANK which literally counts blank cells in a range. COUNTX will exclude white space and Boolean data, while COUNTROWS will also count them. =COUNTA (value1, [value2,. field may either be a text label corresponding to a column. In this video, you can learn the Difference between the Count v/s Counta formula in Excel. This step by step tutorial will assist all levels of Excel users in comparing these functions. Examples: 1. Although you can use COUNTA to generate the number of clients or employees in a list, it counts each entry, not unique entries. In short: ‍. The simplest of these methods for Google Sheets to count non-empty cells is COUNTA. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like COUNT vs COUNTA, the round. Count of "Customer A" purchases of "Product A" for all months-----=SUMPRODUCT((A2:A1000="Customer A")*(B2:B1000="Product A")) You can change the ranges as necessary, but there must be the same number of cells in each range used. To make everything short, 6000 counts on your digital multimeter indicate the reading capacity when you measure a 4-volt source. (Ignores text). COUNTAX: Counts the number of values which result from evaluating an expression for each row of a table. The COUNT FUNCTION returns the result as 5 and COUNTA FUNCTION returns the result as 19 which testifies our statement. This is a short video on finding the difference between COUNT and COUNTA function in Power BI. Type this string in the second argument, and you will get this simple. Count nonblank cells in a list with specific conditions by using the DCOUNTA functionIn B column, some data is numeric, some data is alphabetic and some cells are blank. DEFINE. For some reason <>"" doesn't work so I used: =IF (OR (NOT (Value<=0),NOT (Value>=0)),1,0)PowerApps count characters examples. Example: Below is a sample command that shows how to use the COUNTA function to count the number of blank values in a given column. To count with one condition, use the COUNTIF function; To count with multiple conditions, use the COUNTIFS function. You can choose any one of the 11 functions that SUBTOTAL can calculate, such as Sum, Average, Count or Max. Formula 1. 17K subscribers Subscribe 20 425 views 10 months ago Not getting the result you're. =COUNTA (value1, [value2],. -- COUNTX can be expressed in a more explicit way by using CALCULATE. COUNT vs COUNTA. Use the COUNTA function to count only cells in a range that contain values. Adding Distinct Count to Group By. ) The COUNTA function syntax has the following arguments: value1 Required. . Click on cell E6 to make it the active cell; Type in the formula: = COUNTIF ( E2:E5, "Yes" )/COUNTA ( E2:E5 ); Press the Enter key on the keyboard to complete the formula; The answer 67% should appear in cell E6. Since only three of the four cells in the range contain data, the formula calculates the percentage of yes responses out of three. Remarks. ” from the “ ” string. As a data modeler, sometimes you might need to write a DAX expression that counts table rows. COUNT, COUNTA, COUNTIF 함수의 경우 데이터가 많을 때 다양한 갯수를 뽑기 위해서는 매우 유용합니다. 2/17/2019. To count numerical numbers, you can use cell ranges, cell references, values, or a combination of all four. Then I use COUNTA to count the entries in the pivot table. Press Enter. COUNT vs. The Excel COUNTIF function returns the count of cells in a range that meet a single condition. Cell Having Text Value. You could do it within the pivot table itself. MEASURE Customer[# Customers] = COUNTROWS (. What is the difference between SUM and COUNT? Very simply, SUM calculates a total for a number of cells or values, so it’s answering the question: HOW. 103 - is similar to COUNTA, but ignores empty rows and also respects filters. =COUNTA(A1:A10)-COUNT(A1:A10) This formula will return the number of cells that only contains letters. Công thức trả về chuỗi text trống (“”) và giá trị text không được đếm trong hàm COUNT, nhưng chúng được đếm bằng hàm COUNTA. 10-21-2022 07:00 AM. . For example, if you want to count all the cells in column A, you would use A:A as the range. The Viewer Count is the number of viewers watching your live video at one time. So, countrows, it just counts the number of rows in an entire specified table or by a table defined by. First, open your spreadsheet and click the cell in which you want to see the result. COUNTA is a built-in Excel function that looks through the values you feed to it and counts the number of values that aren't blank. any help. We are glad that you have visited here. Example 1 – Excel Countif not blank. The COUNT formula =COUNTA(A2:A12,D2:D12) results in a total count of 22. Are you looking for a way to quickly count the number of items in a cell range? Then this video might be for you. When the function finds no rows to count, it returns a BLANK, otherwise it returns the count of distinct values. ; The COUNT function is useful for counting the number of cells in a. ) You can insert the values directly or refer to a cell or a range that contains them. the total of pens and erasers in our inventory chart), you may use the following formula. The formula “=COUNTA (A1,A2,A3)” returns 2. CountUser = CALCULATE (COUNTA (EMPLOYMENTS [Member_C]),FILTER (ALL (EMPLOYMENTS),EMPLOYMENTS [Member_C]=INDIVIDUAL [User_ID])) Regards, Charlie Liao. To sum a range of cells, use the SUM. The number in the. Count vs counta di excel: apa bedanya? Oleh Benjamin anderson Juli 20, 2023 Memandu. Sub Example_1 () Sheets ("Example 1"). Type the following formula into the cell: =COUNTA (. You can see that the input parameters can take many forms: a number, text within double quotes, and a reference to a range of cells The most basic form. The COUNTIFS function counts the number of cells in a range that meet one or more conditions. More on COUNTBLANK below. See Also. This example counts cells in B2 through D6, and in B9 through D13. 442 Trong Excel, các hàm COUNT, COUNTA, COUNTIF, COUNTIFS, COUNTBLANK được dùng để đếm dữ liệu, đối tượng trong chuỗi ở một bảng tính. COUNTA and COUNT are both statistical. Forum Moderator Join Date 08-10-2013 Location Ipswich, Suffolk (England), but grew up in Sawley, Derbyshire MS-Off Ver MS 365 Subscription Insider Beta Channel v. Excel inserts the SUBTOTAL function automatically, and you can use a drop-down. . ) You can insert the values directly or refer to a cell or a range that contains them. Strings. The C ounta function counts boolean functions. Note: visit our page about the COUNTIF function for many more examples. Unlike DCOUNT, which counts only numeric values, DCOUNTA counts both numeric and text values. 04-24-2020 02:46 AM. ” From that misconception follows a second: that COUNT(1) is faster because it will count only the first column, while COUNT(*) will use the whole table to get to the same result. Each Counta/Countif was run separately (approx. Re: Difference between the SUBTOTAL (103) and COUNTA? COUNTA counts the number of cells in a range that are not empty and returns that number. You can also use the Table function to generate a table and then return the number of elements. – (optional, up to 30) additional values to also be included in the count. COUNT (1) also counts the number of rows. To sum a range of cells, use. The B column is formatted as dates and COUNTA calculates and returns the total which is 7. To count cells based on one criteria (for example, greater than 9), use the following COUNTIF function. COUNT function does not count logical values , but COUNTA function counts. It includes all other types of data. To count the distinct values from the previous example: Select the range of cells A1:A11. COUNTA works in a similar way. The COUNTA function counts the number of cells that are not empty in a range. COUNT vs. This function includes empty text ("") in the count. Your requirement can be achieved in two ways. Trong bài viết này. COUNTA Function Syntax =COUNTA(value1, [value2],. Poiché la funzione COUNT conta solo celle contenenti dati numerici, restituisce un risultato di cinque anziché COUNTA, che conta tutti i tipi di dati nell. COUNTA in Excel. เนื่องจากวันที่ หรือเวลา แท้ที่. The SUBTOTAL function is used when you display a Total row in an Excel Table. The following COUNT call: COUNT ( table [column] ) Copy Conventions # 1. 1. Counting Cells with COUNTIF and COUNTIFS. The formula suggested to not count cells with spaces, =COUNTIFS(A2:A7,"*?*",A2:A7,""""), worked. COUNT: Counts the number of rows in the table where the specified column has a non-blank value. คำอธิบาย. Total views 100+ University of Maryland, University College. Counts the number of cells in a range that contain any value (text, numbers, logical values, or errors). Step 1: Here, there is a mixed list of data that has different values and a few blank cells, in between, and we want to use the COUNTBLANK function in order to determine the number of blank cells in the range. Example – 2: In the other scenario, I want to get the total number of “. The table could be a model table or an expression that returns a table. The video explains various count functions of DAX and how they are used in Power BI:Count(): Counts only numerical values in a column excluding blanks. So learn about Power Apps CountRows, CountIf, CountA, and Count and how delegation plays in. COUNT (column_name) will count the number of records where column_name is not null. In this tutorial, you will learn two common formulas of excel which are:1) COUNT Formula in Excel2) COUNTA Formula in Excel🔗 Download Practice file for FREE. Learn Excel using Excel, online and interactively with intelligent feedback. The CountIf function counts the number of records in a table that are true for a logical formula. COUNTA ignores the blank values in D3, D4, D8, and D11. . To count unique entries you would have to use the SUM function together with the COUNTIF function. Hàm CountA đếm số lượng bản ghi không trống trong bảng. We will select distinct count in. UNIQUE accepts up to three arguments and the syntax is as follows: =UNIQUE(array, [by_col], [exactly_once]) Array is the range or array to be evaluated. . Hàm Count đếm số lượng bản ghi có chứa một số trong bảng một cột. Apart from this we d. In the example below I am using a COUNTIF function to return the number of times the word “Surf” exists in the range. A diferença entre COUNT e COUNTA é que o utilitário COUNT registra todas as células que contêm números ou valores de dados dentro de um período de tempo estreito, enquanto a ação CONT. ; The COUNTA function counts the number of cells in a range that are not empty. In under 10 minutes, learn how to write exc. Follow the steps below: Steps: In cell D4, write the following formula. 88% (26)Discover the COUNT and COUNTA functions. -- COUNT is the short version of COUNTX, when used with one column only. 4. Dates and times are considered numbers in Google Sheets, which is why the data in cells B4 and B5 is counted by both functions. COUNTA can support datatype boolean count. COUNTA_Output = COUNTA (SampleTable [Amount]) Output = 3. COUNTA (différence entre deux fonctions avec exemple) Dans Excel, il existe deux fonctions fréquemment utilisées COUNT et COUNTA. #2) select "Custom" in the "Summarise by" field. Select the range of values in which you want to count the unique values. COUNT VS COUNTA RESULTS. Often you may want to use the COUNTA function with an IF function to count the number of cells that are not empty only if a cell in a corresponding column meets a certain requirement. Differences between COUNT and COUNTA.